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@ARTICLE{2025SpWea..2304406H,
       author = {{Hong}, Yu and {Deng}, Yue and {Cai}, Lei and {Ridley}, Aaron and {Lu}, Gang and {Maute}, Astrid and {Waters}, Colin and {Rowland}, Douglas},
        title = "{Temporal and Spatial Variability of Multiscale Neutral Density Perturbations During Storm-Time: Insights From Multi-Satellite Observations}",
      journal = {Space Weather},
     keywords = {thermospheric dynamics, neutral density perturbations, multi-satellite, temporal-spatial variations, geomagnetic storm, numerical simulation},
         year = 2025,
        month = jun,
       volume = {23},
       number = {6},
          eid = {e2025SW004406},
        pages = {e2025SW004406},
     abstract = "{The neutral density perturbations exhibit multiscale features during
        geomagnetic storms, playing a crucial role in ionosphere-
        thermosphere (I-T) dynamics. However, the variations across
        various temporal and spatial scales remain underexplored. This
        study compared Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)
        satellite data with simulations of Global Ionosphere-
        Thermosphere Model (GITM) during the 2015 St. Patrick's Day
        storm. In general, GITM captures large- and mesoscale density
        structures well, with some underestimations of mesoscale
        variations due to inaccuracy in the geomagnetic forcing.
        GRACE-A/B distinguish between temporal and spatial variations,
        revealing enhanced mesoscale structures at high latitudes over
        35 s (temporal) and 220 km (spatial) scales. Virtual satellite
        results show that three latitudinally spaced satellites
        efficiently capture the longitudinal propagation of the large-
        scale traveling atmospheric disturbances (LSTADs), while six
        longitudinally spaced satellites ($30{}^{\circ}$ apart)
        significantly improve polar map accuracy. The logarithmic
        string-of-pearl configuration in the latitudinal plane
        adequately extracts neutral density variations across different
        temporal and spatial scales. Temporal variations, ${\Delta }\rho
        $, increase with the time scale with a threshold of 3 min for
        clear detection, while the change rate, ${\Delta }\rho /{\Delta
        }t$, decreases with time. Spatial variation in magnitude
        increases with spatial scale with a threshold of $3.5{}^{\circ}$
        or 418 km to generate clear variation (>10\%). However, the
        neutral density gradient, ${\Delta }\rho /{\Delta
        }\mathrm{k}\mathrm{m}$, remains roughly the same on different
        spatial scales. Coherence analysis was applied to assess the
        relationship between satellite distance and observed scales,
        highlighting the importance of multi-satellite observations in
        understanding of multiscale thermosphere dynamics.}",
          doi = {10.1029/2025SW00440610.22541/essoar.174231279.96079481/v1},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025SpWea..2304406H},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}