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@ARTICLE{2025ThApC.156..413I,
       author = {{Iqbal}, Zafar and {Virk}, Zeeshan Tahir and {Hamed}, Mohammed Magdy and {Haghighi}, Ali Torabi and {Shahid}, Shamsuddin and {Yaseen}, Zaher Mundher},
        title = "{Mapping water dynamics in Borneo's biodiversity hotspot: a satellite-based analysis}",
      journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
     keywords = {Environmental Sciences, Environmental Science and Management, Earth Sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience},
         year = 2025,
        month = jul,
       volume = {156},
       number = {7},
          eid = {413},
        pages = {413},
     abstract = "{Water availability is a critical global concern affected by climate and
        anthropogenic change. Water needs of natural habitats are often
        neglected in water management assessments especially in areas
        where natural and man-made systems compete for essential
        resources. This study examines variations in water availability
        and hydrological drought occurrences over the past two decades
        (2002-2021) in Borneo, a region facing rapid deforestation and
        climate change. Owing to its high endemism and increasing
        habitat loss, Borneo hosts 2 out of the 238 biodiversity
        hotspots of the world. Utilizing Gravity Recovery and Climate
        Experiment (GRACE) satellite datasets from the Jet Propulsion
        Laboratory (JPL) and Goddard Space Flight Centre (GSFC), we
        assess changes in Equivalent Water Thickness (EWT) and
        hydrological droughts using the Standardized Terrestrial Water
        Storage Index (STI) and Water Sustainability Index (WSI). Our
        findings reveal decreasing water storage (10 cm/year) during
        2003-2010 period followed by some improvement in recent years
        (2010-2021), particularly notable in zones with greater
        deviation from the mean anomaly of up to 15 cm/ year (Zone B, C
        \& D). Spatially, northern regions exhibit positive trends in
        water storage (10-15 cm/year). WSI results indicate higher
        sustainability in the southern coastal area (Zone A: 0.55). STI
        analysis reveals severely dry conditions over 12-month scale,
        with more areas affected in the Northern parts than in South.
        These findings highlight the complex interplay of climate
        change, land use, and water management practices. Our work calls
        attention to the critical importance of sustainable water
        resource management in biodiversity hotspots like Borneo.}",
          doi = {10.1007/s00704-025-05631-8},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025ThApC.156..413I},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}