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@ARTICLE{2026AdSpR..78.1922E,
       author = {{Esmaeili}, Fatemeh and {Mehrabi}, Hamid and {Khazraei}, Seyed Mohsen and {Amiri-Simkooei}, Alireza},
        title = "{Comparative analysis of modulated annual variations in Greenland's GNSS vertical displacements and GRACE satellite mass data}",
      journal = {Advances in Space Research},
     keywords = {Least squares harmonic estimation, Modulated signals, Greenland geodetic time series, Signal detection, Ice mass change},
         year = 2026,
        month = aug,
       volume = {78},
       number = {3},
        pages = {1922-1935},
     abstract = "{The elastic response of the Earth to ice melting due to global warming
        is a prominent characteristic of Greenland and its rocky ice
        sheet margins. This study investigates the deformation of the
        Earth's surface caused by ice mass activities through time
        series analysis of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
        stations and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)
        satellite observations. We apply the modulated least squares
        harmonic estimation (modulated LS-HE) method to model time-
        variable amplitudes of periodic signals in the GNSS data. This
        approach identifies harmonic frequencies and assesses the
        accuracy of fitted models. The GNSS analysis reveals significant
        amplitude variations of the annual harmonics in 2012 and 2019.
        These annual variations can be mathematically modeled by
        amplitude modulation of annual signal with a frequency of 0.2
        cycles/year. GRACE-based ice-mass reconstructed patterns also
        corroborate transient mass changes in 2012 and 2019. This
        transient behavior can be best modeled by harmonic functions
        with the frequencies of 0.2 cycles/year and 0.144 cycles/year.
        Spatially, the transient signals are most pronounced in the
        southern and western Greenland, particularly near stations with
        large annual amplitude variations. An investigation of Greenland
        Blocking Index (GBI) data points to atmospheric circulations as
        drivers of these transient behaviors, linking regional climate
        dynamics to ice-mass evolution and the corresponding elastic
        displacements in Greenland.}",
          doi = {10.1016/j.asr.2026.05.009},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026AdSpR..78.1922E},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}