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@ARTICLE{2026FrASS..1333885D,
       author = {{Dey}, Soumyajit and {Anderson}, Phillip C. and {Bukowski}, Aaron L.},
        title = "{Extreme ionospheric storm effects at mid-latitudes during the May 2024 geomagnetic storm}",
      journal = {Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences},
     keywords = {DMSP, Gannon storm, grace, ionosphere-thermosphere, ionospheric storm},
         year = 2026,
        month = jul,
       volume = {13},
          eid = {1833885},
        pages = {1833885},
     abstract = "{The 10 May 2024 geomagnetic storm was one of the most intense events
        that impacted Earth's upper atmosphere in the last 30 years,
        producing major disturbances in the coupled ionosphere-
        thermosphere (I-T) system. This work investigates the large-
        scale ionospheric storm effects at mid-latitudes during this
        event, using a combination of satellite and ground-based
        observations as well as GITM simulations. In-situ ion density
        observations from DMSP F16, F17, and F18 are used to identify
        the onsets and intensities of the positive and negative
        ionospheric storm phases across four latitude--local time
        sectors. The storm-time variations in ion density, drift, and
        temperature measurements from DMSP show the topside ionospheric
        dynamics of each storm phase. During the positive phase, DMSP
        dusk-side passes recorded ion density enhancements of up to 4--5
        times at northern and 17 times at southern mid-latitudes. This
        was followed by a strong negative phase, with ion density
        depletion up to 50\% below quiet-time levels at northern mid-
        latitudes. Comparison of DMSP ion density and drift with GRACE-
        FO neutral density and wind data shows the role of enhanced ion-
        neutral coupling in driving the positive phase. The perturbation
        Poynting flux derived from DMSP measurements and the altitude-
        integrated Joule heating from GITM show consistent latitudinal
        extent down to 40 {\textdegree}--45 {\textdegree} MLAT,
        identifying intense auroral heating as the underlying driver of
        the I-T expansion. The drivers of the negative phase are
        identified using the vertically integrated O/N$_{2}$ ratio from
        DMSP-SSUSI FUV measurements and NO emission data from TIMED-
        SABER, which show that increased recombination from O/N$_{2}$
        depletion and the NO overcooling effect drive the negative phase
        and produce its hemispheric asymmetry.}",
          doi = {10.3389/fspas.2026.1833885},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026FrASS..1333885D},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}