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@ARTICLE{2026JAnSc..73...57K,
       author = {{Kawaguchi}, Junichiro and {Nishimoto}, Shingo and {Komachi}, Saki},
        title = "{Consolidated Simultaneous Range Measurement and Clock Synchronization}",
      journal = {Journal of the Astronautical Sciences},
     keywords = {Ranging, Clock synchronization, Time transfer, Carrier phase tracking, Positioning, PNT, GNSS},
         year = 2026,
        month = jun,
       volume = {73},
       number = {4},
          eid = {57},
        pages = {57},
     abstract = "{The Asynchronous One-Way Range (AOWR) scheme was developed by the
        authors, and the results of the field tests conducted to date
        have been reported. It works in a pair of transceivers. The
        Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission adopted
        the Dual One-Way Range (DOWR) scheme to measure distance by
        referencing the phase difference, while clock synchronization is
        performed independently through the code correlation method
        known as Two-Way Time Transfer (TWTT). The clock synchronization
        has been conceived distinct from the range measurement. However,
        the mutual phase difference data inherently contain not only
        range information but also clock-difference information. This
        paper provides an overview of how the single AOWR scheme
        operates in real-time by integrating a simultaneous range
        measurement method with clock synchronization. This paper
        discusses how relativity is treated in the AOWR scheme enabling
        the simultaneous measurement through symmetric formulation,
        taking advantage of the duality. The symmetric formulation
        developed in this paper accounts strictly for special and
        general relativistic time dilation. While the current AOWR
        scheme relies on code correlation, which exhibits significant
        fluctuations and reduced accuracy, the paper further
        incorporates a mutual carrier-phase tracking scheme into the
        AOWR framework. The new estimator yields significantly more
        stable and accurate range and clock-difference data. The paper
        presents how the effects of tropospheric and ionospheric delays
        are effectively mitigated for the AOWR scheme in the
        configurations that include a ground station. Preliminary
        hardware-in-the-loop tests have been conducted, and their
        results are presented.}",
          doi = {10.1007/s40295-026-00594-y},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026JAnSc..73...57K},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}