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@ARTICLE{2026JGRC..13123533J,
       author = {{Jin}, Zehui and {Zhong}, Min and {Yang}, Meng and {Feng}, Wei},
        title = "{Differences and Causes of Interannual Variations of Global Mean Sea Level Between Two El Ni{\~n}o Events in 2014─2016 and 2023─2024}",
      journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Oceans)},
     keywords = {sea level change, ENSO, ocean mass, steric sea level},
         year = 2026,
        month = jun,
       volume = {131},
       number = {6},
          eid = {e2025JC023533},
        pages = {e2025JC023533},
     abstract = "{The interannual variation of global mean sea level is closely related to
        El Ni{\~n}o-Southern Oscillation. During the 2014─2016 and
        2023─2024 El Ni{\~n}o event development phases (October
        2014─December 2015 and May 2023─December 2023, respectively),
        the interannual component of global mean sea level rose by
        approximately 9.16 and 7.70 mm, respectively. By combining
        satellite gravimetry and Argo gridded products, we show that
        barystatic sea level rise played a dominant role in the global
        mean sea level budget during both events. Although the
        barystatic sea level rise reached comparable magnitudes of 6.20
        and 6.26 mm in the 2014─2016 and 2023─2024 development phases,
        respectively, the 2023─2024 surge was significantly more rapid,
        occurring over a much shorter duration. This accelerated rise
        was primarily driven by terrestrial water storage depletion in
        the America and Africa. Notably, South America exhibited a
        significantly faster rate of storage loss during the development
        phase of the 2023─2024 event compared to that of the 2014─2016
        event. The steric sea level rise during the 2014─2016 and
        2023─2024 development phases was 3.11 and 1.60 mm, respectively.
        Further analysis indicates that the steric sea level rise during
        the 2023─2024 development phase was predominantly driven by the
        thermosteric component, with a substantial contribution
        originating from the Indian Ocean. This regional anomaly was
        likely driven by the simultaneous occurrence of a peak positive
        Indian Ocean Dipole and El Ni{\~n}o.}",
          doi = {10.1029/2025JC023533},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026JGRC..13123533J},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}