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@ARTICLE{2026JGRC..13123868S,
       author = {{Song}, Y. Tony and {Landerer}, Felix and {Hamlington}, B.~D. and {Cha}, Hyeonsoo and {Moon}, J.-H.},
        title = "{Seismic Effects of Large Earthquakes on Sea-Level Budget Closures}",
      journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Oceans)},
     keywords = {sea level rise, sesimic effect, EOF, GRACE, altimetry, sea-level budget},
         year = 2026,
        month = jul,
       volume = {131},
       number = {7},
          eid = {e2025JC023868},
        pages = {e2025JC023868},
     abstract = "{Large submarine earthquakes introduce significant distortions into the
        ocean bottom pressure (OBP) data from the Gravity Recovery and
        Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its follow-on mission (GRACE-FO),
        leading to non-closure of regional sea-level budgets in
        seismically active oceans. In this study, we show that
        earthquake-induced seafloor deformations can be effectively
        isolated using an iterative Empirical Orthogonal Function method
        that accounts for both co-seismic and post-seismic effects. The
        resulting seismic biases are systematic, driven by ongoing
        tectonic drift, and can (a) exceed total steric contributions to
        sea-level change in some regions and (b) surpass Glacial
        Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) contributions in the global mean.
        These findings indicate that seismic deformation represents a
        non-negligible component for separating natural and human-driven
        contributions in climate assessments. Applying the seismic
        corrections to the OBP fields restores regional sea-level budget
        closure and improves the physical consistency of oceanographic
        and climate analyses.}",
          doi = {10.1029/2025JC023868},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026JGRC..13123868S},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}