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@ARTICLE{2026JHyd..66434298Z,
       author = {{Zhang}, Jiawen and {Liesch}, Tanja and {Goldscheider}, Nico},
        title = "{Impacts of climate change and human activities on global groundwater storage from 2003 to 2022}",
      journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
     keywords = {GRACE, Groundwater storage change, Drought index, Sustainable groundwater management, Agriculture irrigation},
         year = 2026,
        month = jan,
       volume = {664},
          eid = {134298},
        pages = {134298},
     abstract = "{Groundwater is integral to land surface processes, significantly
        influencing water and energy cycles, and it is an important
        resource for drinking water and ecosystems. Climate change and
        anthropogenic impacts have an ever-increasing influence on the
        water cycle and groundwater storage in recent decades. This
        study leverages GRACE and ERA5-Land data to analyze groundwater
        storage variability from 2003 to 2022, with a 1{\textdegree}
        spatial resolution. Approximately 81 \% of global regions have
        shown significant groundwater storage changes, with 48 \%
        experiencing declines and 52 \% observing increases.
        Approximately 3.4 billion people live in regions where
        groundwater has significantly declined over the past 20 years.
        Findings indicate considerable global groundwater changes, with
        depletion hotspots (>20 mm/year) in northern India, the North
        China Plain, eastern Brazil, and around the Caspian Sea.
        Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)
        trends exhibit a stronger influence on groundwater storage
        change than precipitation trends, highlighting the critical role
        of evapotranspiration. Groundwater depletion is driven primarily
        by agricultural irrigation and over-abstraction, with population
        density playing a relatively smaller role. GRACE data
        facilitates global monitoring, underscoring the need for long-
        term dynamic observation to inform sustainable groundwater
        management policies crucial for regions facing groundwater
        depletion to ensure long-term freshwater resource
        sustainability.}",
          doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134298},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026JHyd..66434298Z},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}