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@ARTICLE{2026JHyd..67735874W,
       author = {{Wu}, Chengcheng and {Park}, Edward and {Tran}, Dung Duc and {Wang}, Jingyu and {Le Duy}, Nguyen and {Vasilopoulos}, Grigorios and {Lu}, Chengpeng},
        title = "{Impact of sand mining on groundwater-surface water interactions in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta}",
      journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
     keywords = {Sand extraction, Groundwater depletion, Surface water-groundwater interaction, GRACE, Mekong Delta},
         year = 2026,
        month = sep,
       volume = {677},
          eid = {135874},
        pages = {135874},
     abstract = "{Sand mining is a pressing socio-environmental concern in the Vietnamese
        Mekong Delta (VMD), profoundly reshaping river morphology,
        sediment transport, and hydrological processes. Although
        previous research has identified the adverse effects of sand
        extraction on surface water and channel morphology, its impact
        on groundwater has never been examined. This study addresses
        this unexplored relationship by providing the first
        investigation of how sand mining influences groundwater storage
        and surface water--groundwater (SW--GW) interactions, using an
        integrated approach of long-term field observations, remote
        sensing data, and hydrological records. Spatiotemporal analyses
        reveal a declining trend in groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA)
        and groundwater levels (GWLs), particularly in areas of intense
        mining activity. GWL decline rates in the unconfined aquifers
        within 1995--2017 vary spatially with a mean decline of 0.03
        m/year. The maximum rate of GWL decline is 0.09 m/year and
        observed at the northeast and the minimum rate is 0.01 m/year
        and observed at coastal delta. GWSA has declined over 20 years
        in three phases: a sharp decrease (2002--2006, 3.2 {\texttimes}
        {}10$^{7}$ m$^{3}$/year), partial recovery (2006--2015, 8
        {\texttimes} {}10$^{6}$ m$^{3}$/year), and a slower decline
        (since 2015, 4 {\texttimes} {}10$^{6}$ m$^{3}$/year). The
        findings indicate that extensive riverbed incision caused by
        sand mining deepens channels, disrupts sediment redistribution,
        and accelerates groundwater depletion while reducing aquifer
        recharge. As a result, riverbed hydraulic connectivity is
        weakened, leading to a diminished SW-GW exchange. A conceptual
        model is proposed to illustrate the mechanisms driving these
        changes. These insights suggest that regulating sand extraction
        intensity, monitoring incision hotspots, and integrating
        sediment management with groundwater governance may help
        mitigate long-term hydrological degradation in the VMD and
        similar large deltas.}",
          doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135874},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026JHyd..67735874W},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}