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@ARTICLE{2026NatSR..1622335L,
       author = {{Lei}, Fan and {Zhou}, Jingwen and {Yang}, Kaijun and {Wei}, Jide and {Cao}, Li and {Hu}, Fang and {Zhang}, Zhe and {Zhong}, Yulong},
        title = "{Quantifying groundwater storage dynamics during the 2024 flood season using GRACE-FO and multi-source hydrological data in Hunan Province, China}",
      journal = {Scientific Reports},
     keywords = {GRACE-FO, Groundwater storage anomaly, Reservoirs and Dongting Lake, Flood season, Hunan Province, Earth Sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Engineering, Environmental Engineering},
         year = 2026,
        month = may,
       volume = {16},
       number = {1},
          eid = {22335},
        pages = {22335},
     abstract = "{Groundwater is a vital component of the hydrological cycle, and
        understanding its dynamics is crucial for water resource
        management under climate change. This study employs GRACE-FO
        satellite data to assess groundwater storage (GWS) dynamics in
        Hunan Province during the 2024 flood season (April-September).
        Given the abundant surface water resources in this region, we
        explicitly incorporate the water storage of Dongting Lake and 28
        large reservoirs when calculating surface water storage anomaly
        (SWSA), which is crucial for estimating the GWS anomaly (GWSA).
        Accordingly, GWSA is obtained by subtracting the soil moisture
        storage anomaly (SMSA) and SWSA from the GRACE-FO-derived
        terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA). Furthermore,
        correlation coefficients and contribution of each water storage
        component to TWSA are calculated to reveal inter-component
        interactions and response mechanisms to precipitation. Results
        show that original TWSA, SWSA, and GWSA increase markedly from
        March to July 2024. After detrending and deseasonalizing, SWSA
        and GWSA exhibit a complementary relationship (correlation
        coefficient: {\ensuremath{-}}0.20), with changes of
        {\ensuremath{-}}3.08 km$^{3}$ and {\ensuremath{-}}1.12 km$^{3}$
        over the flood season, largely attributed to anthropogenic flood
        control operations. In contrast, SMSA and GWSA are weakly
        positively correlated (0.29), reflecting limited direct recharge
        efficiency. TWSA is strongly correlated with both SMSA (0.78)
        and GWSA (0.71), reflecting synergistic variation among water
        storage components. Consistently, GWSA contributes the most
        (44.52\%) to TWSA fluctuations, followed by SMSA (31.80\%) and
        SWSA (23.68\%), highlighting the critical role of groundwater in
        the regional water cycle. These findings provide a valuable
        scientific basis for sustainable water resource management and
        regulation in Hunan Province.}",
          doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-48703-z},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026NatSR..1622335L},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}