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@ARTICLE{2026OcSci..22.2179P,
       author = {{Ponte}, Rui M. and {Silva}, E. Nishchitha S. and {Wang}, Ou and {Fukumori}, Ichiro and {Zhao}, Mengnan},
        title = "{Improving ocean bottom pressure fields using space gravity data in state estimation}",
      journal = {Ocean Science},
         year = 2026,
        month = jul,
       volume = {22},
       number = {4},
        pages = {2179-2196},
     abstract = "{Ocean bottom pressure (pb) is critical for monitoring and understanding
        ocean variability, yet global observations from GRACE and GRACE
        Follow-On suffer from limited spatiotemporal coverage. State
        estimation methods allow for the dynamical interpolation of
        sparse data by optimally combining observations with models.
        Here we examine the effects of assimilating GRACE data (local pb
        anomalies and global mean), along with other datasets, on state
        estimates produced by the project for Estimating the Circulation
        and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO). The ECCO optimization leads to
        large adjustments in pb fields at monthly and longer timescales.
        A substantial part of those adjustments is directly induced by
        GRACE constraints, with largest impacts occurring at high
        latitudes. Additionally, the mean ocean mass constraint is
        essential for mitigating large imbalances in freshwater fluxes
        derived from atmospheric reanalyses (used as prior forcing) and
        for producing a realistic barystatic sea level curve.
        Interpretation of remaining ECCO and GRACE differences
        highlights issues with non-oceanographic data signals. Our
        findings indicate that GRACE data contain information
        complementary to that available in other datasets, quantifying
        their value for determining pb and associated circulation
        fields.}",
          doi = {10.5194/os-22-2179-2026},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026OcSci..22.2179P},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}