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@ARTICLE{2026RemS...18.2427L,
       author = {{Li}, Xinxin and {Gong}, Wenyu and {Sun}, Guangtong and {Zhang}, Guohong and {Hua}, Jun and {Liu}, Ziwei},
        title = "{Hydrological Evolution of Siling Co over the Past 38 Years: Lake Area, Water Level Monitoring, and Water Storage Estimation Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing}",
      journal = {Remote Sensing},
     keywords = {multisource remote sensing technology, Siling Co, temporal variation, climate change},
         year = 2026,
        month = jul,
       volume = {18},
       number = {14},
          eid = {2427},
        pages = {2427},
     abstract = "{What are the main findings? Siling Co experienced significant long-term
        expansion between 1988 and 2025, characterized by substantial
        increases in lake area, water level, and water storage,
        indicating intensified regional water accumulation under climate
        change; Lake water storage changes (LWSC) exhibited strong
        consistency with terrestrial water storage (TWS) variations;
        during 2002--2019, TWS anomalies lagged approximately one year
        behind LWSC, indicating a pronounced temporal delay in the
        hydrological regulation processes within the regional water
        cycle; The combined use of multi-source remote sensing data and
        GRACE/GRACE-FO observations effectively revealed the long-term
        coupling relationship between lake evolution and regional
        terrestrial water redistribution on the Tibetan Plateau. Siling
        Co experienced significant long-term expansion between 1988 and
        2025, characterized by substantial increases in lake area, water
        level, and water storage, indicating intensified regional water
        accumulation under climate change; Lake water storage changes
        (LWSC) exhibited strong consistency with terrestrial water
        storage (TWS) variations; during 2002--2019, TWS anomalies lagged
        approximately one year behind LWSC, indicating a pronounced
        temporal delay in the hydrological regulation processes within
        the regional water cycle; The combined use of multi-source
        remote sensing data and GRACE/GRACE-FO observations effectively
        revealed the long-term coupling relationship between lake
        evolution and regional terrestrial water redistribution on the
        Tibetan Plateau. What are the implications of the main findings?
        It is recommended to strengthen monitoring and early warning
        systems in response to the ongoing expansion of Siling Co; The
        one-year lag of TWS anomalies behind LWSC reflects an
        interannual regulation process. This process results from
        differences in response times among various water storage
        components. It is recommended to strengthen monitoring and early
        warning systems in response to the ongoing expansion of Siling
        Co; The one-year lag of TWS anomalies behind LWSC reflects an
        interannual regulation process. This process results from
        differences in response times among various water storage
        components. Lakes on the Tibetan Plateau are sensitive
        indicators of climate change. Their water storage variations
        play an important role in regional hydrological processes and
        ecological security. This study is based on multi-source remote
        sensing and meteorological data from 1988 to 2025. Lake area was
        extracted using the MNDWI and the Otsu threshold method.
        HYDROWEB water level data were used to establish an area-water
        level relationship. This relationship was then applied to
        reconstruct a long-term water level time-series and estimate
        changes in lake water storage. GRACE/GRACE-FO data and
        meteorological observations were further analyzed to identify
        the driving factors. The results show that Siling Co experienced
        a persistent expansion over the study period, with the lake area
        increasing by 805.83 km$^{2}$, water level rising by 14.33 m,
        and water storage increasing by 30.42 km$^{3}$. Correlation
        analysis indicates that air temperature, precipitation, and
        evaporation jointly influenced lake water storage variations.
        Among these factors, precipitation plays a relatively more
        important role. During 2002--2019, lake water storage changes
        (LWSC) were highly consistent with terrestrial water storage
        (TWS) variations. However, TWS anomalies lagged approximately
        one year behind LWSC. These findings improve the understanding
        of the long-term hydrological responses of Siling Co to climate
        change. They also provide a scientific basis for water resource
        management and infrastructure planning in the region.}",
          doi = {10.3390/rs18142427},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026RemS...18.2427L},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}