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@ARTICLE{2026ScChD..69.2118N,
       author = {{Ni}, Bingbo and {Ma}, Qiusheng and {Wu}, Yanfeng and {Liu}, Xuemei and {Xu}, Y. Jun and {Yu}, Xiaofei and {Maria}, Kryukova and {Sinkova}, Irina Sergeevna and {Kaminsky}, Oleg Igorevich and {Zou}, Yuanchun and {Jiang}, Ming},
        title = "{Persistent and rapid increases in water levels driven by extreme wet events in recent years in the largest freshwater lake in Northeast Asia}",
      journal = {Science China Earth Sciences},
     keywords = {Extreme wet events, Water-level reconstruction, GRACE TWSA, PLS-SEM, Transboundary hydrology, Khanka Lake, Earth Sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience},
         year = 2026,
        month = jun,
       volume = {69},
       number = {6},
        pages = {2118-2130},
     abstract = "{Transboundary lakes are highly sensitive to climate change, yet data
        scarcity has long constrained quantitative understanding of the
        driving mechanisms behind extreme hydrological events. This
        study presents an innovative integration of ICESat/ICESat-2
        altimetry, Landsat imagery, and GRACE/GRACE-FO terrestrial water
        storage anomalies within a Partial Least Squares Structural
        Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) framework, achieving the first
        monthly-scale water level reconstruction (2002--2023) for the
        transboundary Lake Khanka and quantifying multi-factor
        contributions. Our findings reveal that: (1) Lake Khanka
        exhibited a persistent upward trend post-2010, with a cumulative
        rise of 0.79 m during 2012--2023, wherein 23 extreme wet events
        between 2018--2023 drove a maximum water level increase of 0.74
        m; (2) precipitation emerged as the dominant driver (PLS-SEM
        weight=0.826), overwhelmingly outweighing inflow, outflow,
        evaporation, and snowmelt. Results demonstrate that the recent
        rapid water level rise is primarily attributed to the concurrent
        intensification of extreme wet events in frequency, magnitude,
        and duration, rather than human interventions or reservoir
        operations. The open-source, reproducible workflow developed
        herein provides a transferable paradigm for deciphering climate-
        driven hydrological dynamics in transboundary lakes and
        furnishes a scientific foundation for adaptive management
        strategies in vulnerable freshwater systems facing amplified
        hydroclimatic extremes.}",
          doi = {10.1007/s11430-025-1923-9},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026ScChD..69.2118N},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}