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The GWR model-based regional downscaling of GRACE/GRACE-FO derived groundwater storage to investigate local-scale variations in the North China Plain

Ali, Shoaib, Ran, Jiangjun, Luan, Yi, Khorrami, Behnam, Xiao, Yun, and Tangdamrongsub, Natthachet, 2024. The GWR model-based regional downscaling of GRACE/GRACE-FO derived groundwater storage to investigate local-scale variations in the North China Plain. Science of the Total Environment, 908:168239, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168239.

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@ARTICLE{2024ScTEn.90868239A,
       author = {{Ali}, Shoaib and {Ran}, Jiangjun and {Luan}, Yi and {Khorrami}, Behnam and {Xiao}, Yun and {Tangdamrongsub}, Natthachet},
        title = "{The GWR model-based regional downscaling of GRACE/GRACE-FO derived groundwater storage to investigate local-scale variations in the North China Plain}",
      journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
     keywords = {NCP, North China Plain, GRACE, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, GRACE-FO, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On, TWSA, Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly, GWSA, Groundwater Storage Anomaly, STL, Seasonal Trend Decomposition LOESS, GWR, Geographically Weighted Regression, SHCs, spherical harmonic coefficients, CSR, Center for Space Research at the University of Texas at Austin, JPL, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, North China Plain, GRACE, GWSA, STL, GWR, Downscaling},
         year = 2024,
        month = jan,
       volume = {908},
          eid = {168239},
        pages = {168239},
     abstract = "{Groundwater storage and depletion fluctuations in response to
        groundwater availability for irrigation require understanding on
        a local scale to ensure a reliable groundwater supply. However,
        the coarser spatial resolution and intermittent data gaps to
        estimate the regional groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA)
        prevent the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and
        GRACE Follow-On (GARCE-FO) mission from being applied at the
        local scale. To enhance the resolution of GWSA measurements
        using machine learning approaches, numerous recent efforts have
        been made. With a focus on the development of a new algorithm,
        this study enhanced the GWSA resolution estimates to
        0.05{\textdegree} by extensively investigating the continuous
        spatiotemporal variations of GWSA based on the regional
        downscaling approach using a regression algorithm known as the
        geographically weighted regression model (GWR). First, the
        modified seasonal decomposition LOESS method (STL) was used to
        estimate the continuous terrestrial water storage anomaly
        (TWSA). Secondly, to separate GWSA from TWSA, a water balance
        equation was used. Third, the continuous GWSA was downscaled to
        0.05{\textdegree} based on the GWR model. Finally, spatio-
        temporal properties of downscaled GWSA were investigated in the
        North China Plain (NCP), China's fastest-urbanizing area, from
        2003 to 2022. The results of the downscaled GWSA were spatially
        compatible with GRACE-derived GWSA. The downscaled GWSA results
        are validated (R = 0.83) using in-situ groundwater level data.
        The total loss of GWSA in cities of the NCP fluctuated between
        2003 and 2022, with the largest loss seen in Handan
        (<mml:math><mml:mo>‑</mml:mo></mml:math>15.21 {\ensuremath{\pm}}
        7.25 mm/yr), Xingtai
        (<mml:math><mml:mo>‑</mml:mo></mml:math>14.98 {\ensuremath{\pm}}
        7.25 mm/yr), and Shijiazhuang
        (<mml:math><mml:mo>‑</mml:mo></mml:math>14.58 {\ensuremath{\pm}}
        7.25 mm/yr). The irrigated winter-wheat farming strategy is
        linked to greater groundwater depletion in several cities of NCP
        (e.g., Xingtai, Handan, Anyang, Hebi, Puyang, and Xinxiang). The
        study's high-resolution findings can help with understanding
        local groundwater depletion that takes agricultural water
        utilization and provide quantitative data for water management.}",
          doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168239},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ScTEn.90868239A},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

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