Publications related to the GRACE Missions (no abstracts)

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Groundwater depletion and annual groundwater recharge estimation in Nineveh Plain, Northern Iraq using GRACE, GLDAS, and field data

Wahab, Fatima A. J. Abdul, Al-Abadi, Alaa M., and Al-Ozeer, Ali Z. A., 2025. Groundwater depletion and annual groundwater recharge estimation in Nineveh Plain, Northern Iraq using GRACE, GLDAS, and field data. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 11(2):117, doi:10.1007/s40808-025-02312-3.

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@ARTICLE{2025MESE...11..117W,
       author = {{Wahab}, Fatima A.~J. Abdul and {Al-Abadi}, Alaa M. and {Al-Ozeer}, Ali Z.~A.},
        title = "{Groundwater depletion and annual groundwater recharge estimation in Nineveh Plain, Northern Iraq using GRACE, GLDAS, and field data}",
      journal = {Modeling Earth Systems and Environment},
     keywords = {GRACE, Groundwater recharge, Chloride mass balance, Nineveh plain, Iraq, Earth Sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience},
         year = 2025,
        month = apr,
       volume = {11},
       number = {2},
          eid = {117},
        pages = {117},
     abstract = "{This study investigates groundwater depletion and recharge in the
        Nineveh plain, northern Iraq using Gravity Recovery and Climate
        Experiment (GRACE) satellite data, Global Land Data Assimilation
        System (GLDAS), and Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) method. Analysis
        of GRACE-based Groundwater Storage anomaly (GWSA) revealed a
        significant decrease in groundwater storage, with a mean decline
        rate of ‑ 1.33 cm/year and ‑ 1.77 cm/year for different regions
        of the northern Iraq over a 14-year period from April 2002 to
        March 2016. This decline trend translated to mass storage loss
        of about 2.3 and 3.7 Gt over the study period. This decline is
        attributed to increased groundwater extraction and reduced
        recharge, influenced by agricultural expansion, industrial use,
        and domestic consumption. Groundwater recharge calculations
        using GRACE and GLDAS data showed higher rates compared to the
        CMB method, with recharge values ranging from 16.92 to 22.38
        cm/year. The CMB method estimated recharge values from 0.22 to
        2.54 cm/year. Despite differences in magnitude, both methods
        indicated a consistent spatial pattern of increasing recharge
        from south to north. Validation using the global hydrological
        curve number (CN) data confirmed the reliability of both
        recharge maps, with correlation coefficients of 0.71 between CMB
        and CN maps, 0.55 between GRACE and CN maps, and 0.62 between
        CMB and GRACE maps. These findings highlight the importance of
        integrating GRACE and CMB methods to address groundwater
        recharge effectively. The significant recharge discrepancies
        between the methods underscore the need for tailored strategies
        in regions with varying hydrological processes, offering
        actionable insights for sustainable water management and
        planning.}",
          doi = {10.1007/s40808-025-02312-3},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025MESE...11..117W},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

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