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Unveiling Ionospheric Response to the May 2024 Superstorm With Low-Earth-Orbit Satellite Observations

Zakharenkova, Irina, Cherniak, Iurii, Braun, John J., Weiss, Jan-Peter, Wu, Qian, VanHove, Teresa, Hunt, Douglas, and Sleziak-Sallee, Maggie, 2025. Unveiling Ionospheric Response to the May 2024 Superstorm With Low-Earth-Orbit Satellite Observations. Space Weather, 23(4):e2024SW004245, doi:10.1029/2024SW004245.

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@ARTICLE{2025SpWea..2304245Z,
       author = {{Zakharenkova}, Irina and {Cherniak}, Iurii and {Braun}, John J. and {Weiss}, Jan-Peter and {Wu}, Qian and {VanHove}, Teresa and {Hunt}, Douglas and {Sleziak-Sallee}, Maggie},
        title = "{Unveiling Ionospheric Response to the May 2024 Superstorm With Low-Earth-Orbit Satellite Observations}",
      journal = {Space Weather},
     keywords = {geomagnetic storm, topside ionosphere, equatorial ionization anomaly, total electron content, super plasma fountain, GNSS},
         year = 2025,
        month = apr,
       volume = {23},
       number = {4},
          eid = {e2024SW004245},
        pages = {e2024SW004245},
     abstract = "{The space weather event on 10{\textendash}11 May 2024 was a high-impact
        geomagnetic storm, resulting in a SYM-H index decrease to ‑518
        nT, the lowest level registered in several decades. We
        investigated the response of the Earth's ionosphere during the
        main phase of this storm using a comprehensive data set of
        ionospheric observations (in situ plasma density and/or Total
        Electron Content (TEC)) from twenty Low-Earth-Orbit satellites
        such as COSMIC-2, Swarm, GRACE-FO, Spire, DMSP, and Jason-3,
        orbiting at altitudes between 320 and 1,330 km. We found that
        ionospheric response followed a classical development pattern
        with the largest positive effects occurred at low and middle
        latitudes in daytime and evening sectors, associated with
        significant intensification of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly
        (EIA) by the super fountain effect. The greatest effects
        occurred in the Pacific and American longitudinal sectors, which
        were in daylight, between 19 and 24 UT on 10 May 2024. This time
        overlaps with a period of steady southward IMF Bz and favorable
        conditions for long-lasting penetration electric fields. The EIA
        crest-to-crest separation expanded to
        40{\textendash}60{\textdegree} in latitude with the largest
        poleward excursion of the crest to
        {\ensuremath{\sim}}27{\textdegree} magnetic latitude. The
        extreme EIA expansion with crest separation up to
        60{\textdegree} in latitude along with a giant plasma bite-out
        near the magnetic equator were observed in the dusk/evening
        sector over South America. The ground-based TEC showed an
        enhancement up to {\ensuremath{\sim}}200 TECU, while satellites
        detected an increase in topside TEC up to
        {\ensuremath{\sim}}100{\textendash}155 TECU, indicating key
        contribution of the topside ionosphere into the ground-based
        TEC.}",
          doi = {10.1029/2024SW004245},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025SpWea..2304245Z},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

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