Mon Aug 24, F. Flechtner
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Kushwaha, Anuj Prakash and Mishra, Vimal, 2026. Human–Induced Evapotranspiration in Indian Subcontinental River Basins. Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres), 131(12):e2025JD046274, doi:10.1029/2025JD046274.
• from the NASA Astrophysics Data System • by the DOI System •
@ARTICLE{2026JGRD..13146274K,
author = {{Kushwaha}, Anuj Prakash and {Mishra}, Vimal},
title = "{Human-Induced Evapotranspiration in Indian Subcontinental River Basins}",
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres)},
keywords = {human-induced evapotranspiration (H-ET), GRACE, groundwater abstraction, available water, hydrological modeling, Indian river basins},
year = 2026,
month = jun,
volume = {131},
number = {12},
eid = {e2025JD046274},
pages = {e2025JD046274},
abstract = "{Quantifying human-induced evapotranspiration (H-ET) is essential for
evaluating water availability in regions with extensive
irrigation and groundwater pumping. However, H-ET estimates over
the Indian sub-continental river basins have been lacking. Here,
we estimate H-ET across 12 major Indian river basins from 2003
to 2020 using GRACE-based water balance estimates and natural ET
simulations from five land surface hydrological models (HMs).
GRACE-ET consistently surpassed HMs-ET, especially in dry
seasons, highlighting unaccounted irrigation and groundwater
pumping, with differences in mean annual ET exceeding 100 mm in
a few river basins. H-ET is more prominent during the dry
season, contributing 30\%--50\% of total ET in irrigation-
intensive basins. Non-accounting for H-ET leads to considerable
(more than 50\%) overestimation in total Available water in the
Indus, Mahi, and Pennar river basins, while 30\%--40\%
overestimation in the Brahmani, Ganga, Godavari, Krishna, Tapi,
Narmada, and Mahanadi basins. Uncertainty in H-ET estimates
arises from both Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)
products and HMs, with GRACE contributing
{\ensuremath{\sim}}45\% and HMs contributing
{\ensuremath{\sim}}55\% of the total uncertainty at the annual
scale. H-ET is dominated by irrigation from pumped groundwater
in the Ganga and Indus basins, while surface water (runoff)
contributes more in the Narmada and Mahanadi basins. These
findings emphasize the need to integrate anthropogenic impacts
in water budget assessments for sustainable water resource
planning.}",
doi = {10.1029/2025JD046274},
adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026JGRD..13146274K},
adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
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