Publications related to the GRACE Missions (no abstracts)

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Temporal and Spatial Variability of Multiscale Neutral Density Perturbations During Storm-Time: Insights From Multi-Satellite Observations

Hong, Yu, Deng, Yue, Cai, Lei, Ridley, Aaron, Lu, Gang, Maute, Astrid, Waters, Colin, and Rowland, Douglas, 2025. Temporal and Spatial Variability of Multiscale Neutral Density Perturbations During Storm-Time: Insights From Multi-Satellite Observations. Space Weather, 23(6):e2025SW004406, doi:10.1029/2025SW00440610.22541/essoar.174231279.96079481/v1.

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@ARTICLE{2025SpWea..2304406H,
       author = {{Hong}, Yu and {Deng}, Yue and {Cai}, Lei and {Ridley}, Aaron and {Lu}, Gang and {Maute}, Astrid and {Waters}, Colin and {Rowland}, Douglas},
        title = "{Temporal and Spatial Variability of Multiscale Neutral Density Perturbations During Storm-Time: Insights From Multi-Satellite Observations}",
      journal = {Space Weather},
     keywords = {thermospheric dynamics, neutral density perturbations, multi-satellite, temporal-spatial variations, geomagnetic storm, numerical simulation},
         year = 2025,
        month = jun,
       volume = {23},
       number = {6},
          eid = {e2025SW004406},
        pages = {e2025SW004406},
     abstract = "{The neutral density perturbations exhibit multiscale features during
        geomagnetic storms, playing a crucial role in ionosphere-
        thermosphere (I-T) dynamics. However, the variations across
        various temporal and spatial scales remain underexplored. This
        study compared Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)
        satellite data with simulations of Global Ionosphere-
        Thermosphere Model (GITM) during the 2015 St. Patrick's Day
        storm. In general, GITM captures large- and mesoscale density
        structures well, with some underestimations of mesoscale
        variations due to inaccuracy in the geomagnetic forcing.
        GRACE-A/B distinguish between temporal and spatial variations,
        revealing enhanced mesoscale structures at high latitudes over
        35 s (temporal) and 220 km (spatial) scales. Virtual satellite
        results show that three latitudinally spaced satellites
        efficiently capture the longitudinal propagation of the large-
        scale traveling atmospheric disturbances (LSTADs), while six
        longitudinally spaced satellites ($30{}^{\circ}$ apart)
        significantly improve polar map accuracy. The logarithmic
        string-of-pearl configuration in the latitudinal plane
        adequately extracts neutral density variations across different
        temporal and spatial scales. Temporal variations, ${\Delta }\rho
        $, increase with the time scale with a threshold of 3 min for
        clear detection, while the change rate, ${\Delta }\rho /{\Delta
        }t$, decreases with time. Spatial variation in magnitude
        increases with spatial scale with a threshold of $3.5{}^{\circ}$
        or 418 km to generate clear variation (>10\%). However, the
        neutral density gradient, ${\Delta }\rho /{\Delta
        }\mathrm{k}\mathrm{m}$, remains roughly the same on different
        spatial scales. Coherence analysis was applied to assess the
        relationship between satellite distance and observed scales,
        highlighting the importance of multi-satellite observations in
        understanding of multiscale thermosphere dynamics.}",
          doi = {10.1029/2025SW00440610.22541/essoar.174231279.96079481/v1},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025SpWea..2304406H},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

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