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Extreme ionospheric storm effects at mid–latitudes during the May 2024 geomagnetic storm

Dey, Soumyajit, Anderson, Phillip C., and Bukowski, Aaron L., 2026. Extreme ionospheric storm effects at mid–latitudes during the May 2024 geomagnetic storm. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 13:1833885, doi:10.3389/fspas.2026.1833885.

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@ARTICLE{2026FrASS..1333885D,
       author = {{Dey}, Soumyajit and {Anderson}, Phillip C. and {Bukowski}, Aaron L.},
        title = "{Extreme ionospheric storm effects at mid-latitudes during the May 2024 geomagnetic storm}",
      journal = {Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences},
     keywords = {DMSP, Gannon storm, grace, ionosphere-thermosphere, ionospheric storm},
         year = 2026,
        month = jul,
       volume = {13},
          eid = {1833885},
        pages = {1833885},
     abstract = "{The 10 May 2024 geomagnetic storm was one of the most intense events
        that impacted Earth's upper atmosphere in the last 30 years,
        producing major disturbances in the coupled ionosphere-
        thermosphere (I-T) system. This work investigates the large-
        scale ionospheric storm effects at mid-latitudes during this
        event, using a combination of satellite and ground-based
        observations as well as GITM simulations. In-situ ion density
        observations from DMSP F16, F17, and F18 are used to identify
        the onsets and intensities of the positive and negative
        ionospheric storm phases across four latitude--local time
        sectors. The storm-time variations in ion density, drift, and
        temperature measurements from DMSP show the topside ionospheric
        dynamics of each storm phase. During the positive phase, DMSP
        dusk-side passes recorded ion density enhancements of up to 4--5
        times at northern and 17 times at southern mid-latitudes. This
        was followed by a strong negative phase, with ion density
        depletion up to 50\% below quiet-time levels at northern mid-
        latitudes. Comparison of DMSP ion density and drift with GRACE-
        FO neutral density and wind data shows the role of enhanced ion-
        neutral coupling in driving the positive phase. The perturbation
        Poynting flux derived from DMSP measurements and the altitude-
        integrated Joule heating from GITM show consistent latitudinal
        extent down to 40 {\textdegree}--45 {\textdegree} MLAT,
        identifying intense auroral heating as the underlying driver of
        the I-T expansion. The drivers of the negative phase are
        identified using the vertically integrated O/N$_{2}$ ratio from
        DMSP-SSUSI FUV measurements and NO emission data from TIMED-
        SABER, which show that increased recombination from O/N$_{2}$
        depletion and the NO overcooling effect drive the negative phase
        and produce its hemispheric asymmetry.}",
          doi = {10.3389/fspas.2026.1833885},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026FrASS..1333885D},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

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